習近平(ping)總書記強(qiang)調,鑄牢中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)(zu)共同體意識(shi),要正確把握共同性(xing)和差異性(xing)的(de)關系、中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)(zu)共同體意識(shi)和各民(min)族(zu)(zu)意識(shi)的(de)關系、中(zhong)(zhong)華文化和各民(min)族(zu)(zu)文化的(de)關系、物質和精神(shen)的(de)關系。
正確把(ba)握“四個關系”,有助于(yu)糾正和厘清當前(qian)存在的(de)(de)一些錯誤觀念和模糊認識,以(yi)更(geng)加堅定的(de)(de)歷史自信和歷史主(zhu)動性,以(yi)鑄牢中華民族(zu)共同(tong)體意(yi)識為主(zhu)線,推(tui)進新(xin)時(shi)代黨的(de)(de)民族(zu)工作高(gao)質量發展。
正確把握共同(tong)性(xing)和(he)差異(yi)性(xing)的關系
增進(jin)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)性、尊重和(he)包(bao)容(rong)差(cha)異(yi)性是(shi)(shi)民族工作的(de)重要原則。共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體必然是(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定共(gong)同(tong)(tong)性的(de)整體。這就引出一(yi)系(xi)列(lie)關(guan)乎共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體的(de)問題(ti)(ti):一(yi)個(ge)名副其實的(de)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體應該具備哪(na)些(xie)(xie)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)性;哪(na)些(xie)(xie)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)性是(shi)(shi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體必須(xu)具備、不(bu)可或缺的(de);增進(jin)這些(xie)(xie)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)性的(de)動力和(he)有(you)(you)(you)利條件有(you)(you)(you)哪(na)些(xie)(xie),不(bu)利條件和(he)阻礙因素有(you)(you)(you)哪(na)些(xie)(xie);增進(jin)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)性的(de)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)方式是(shi)(shi)什么;哪(na)些(xie)(xie)差(cha)異(yi)性不(bu)利于增進(jin)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)性。這些(xie)(xie)問題(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)圍繞(rao)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)性和(he)差(cha)異(yi)性辯證(zheng)關(guan)系(xi)具體展開的(de),是(shi)(shi)鑄牢中華民族共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體意識必須(xu)回答的(de)重要問題(ti)(ti)。
那些不可或(huo)缺的(de)共同性,是共同體存在所必須的(de)。它主要體現為各族人民(min)對偉大(da)祖國、中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)族、中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)文化、中(zhong)(zhong)國共產黨、中(zhong)(zhong)國特色社(she)會主義的(de)高度認同,以及牢固樹立國家意(yi)識(shi)(shi)、公民(min)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)和法治(zhi)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)。
對于不(bu)可(ke)或缺的共同性(xing),我們必(bi)須(xu)旗幟(zhi)鮮明、堅(jian)定不(bu)移(yi)、科學有(you)序增(zeng)進,堅(jian)決反對和抵制(zhi)以(yi)尊重差異、包容(rong)多元的名義(yi)削弱和危害共同性(xing)。要聚焦增(zeng)進共同性(xing),探索研(yan)究方式(shi)方法和思路舉措,特別是分析研(yan)究支撐共同性(xing)的條件(jian)和要素(su),積極創造和發(fa)展這些(xie)條件(jian)要素(su)。
當(dang)前,要(yao)立足中(zhong)國特色社會主(zhu)義的(de)歷史方位(wei)、階(jie)段特征,把(ba)增(zeng)強各族(zu)人民(min)“五個認同(tong)(tong)(tong)”以(yi)及國家意識、公民(min)意識和法(fa)治意識作(zuo)為核心任務(wu),掌握和遵循(xun)(xun)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)建設規律,穩(wen)中(zhong)求進(jin)、循(xun)(xun)序漸進(jin),科學擴展共同(tong)(tong)(tong)性的(de)范疇和領域,建設認同(tong)(tong)(tong)度更(geng)高、凝(ning)聚(ju)力(li)更(geng)強的(de)中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)。要(yao)深刻認識到,共同(tong)(tong)(tong)性是(shi)主(zhu)導(dao),是(shi)方向(xiang)、前提和根(gen)本,要(yao)以(yi)增(zeng)進(jin)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)性為方向(xiang)推(tui)進(jin)中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)建設;差(cha)(cha)異性將長期存在,要(yao)在增(zeng)進(jin)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)性的(de)過程中(zhong)尊重(zhong)和包容差(cha)(cha)異性,同(tong)(tong)(tong)時要(yao)堅決防范差(cha)(cha)異性削弱和危(wei)害共同(tong)(tong)(tong)性。
正確把(ba)握中華民(min)族共同體意識(shi)和各(ge)民(min)族意識(shi)的(de)關系
中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)共(gong)同(tong)體(ti)的形成和發(fa)展,是各(ge)民(min)族(zu)交(jiao)往交(jiao)流交(jiao)融的產物,經歷了漫長的歷史(shi)過程(cheng)。近(jin)代以來,各(ge)族(zu)人民(min)在共(gong)御外侮(wu)、同(tong)赴國(guo)難的過程(cheng)中(zhong),共(gong)同(tong)體(ti)意識空前(qian)增強,中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)實現了從(cong)自(zi)在到(dao)自(zi)覺的偉大轉(zhuan)變。
正確把(ba)握中華民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)體意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)和(he)各民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)的(de)(de)關系(xi),首先(xian)要厘清(qing)二者(zhe)的(de)(de)層次(ci)關系(xi)。二者(zhe)可以并存(cun)不(bu)悖,但不(bu)是(shi)平行并列的(de)(de)。這種層次(ci)關系(xi)決(jue)定了各民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)必須服(fu)從和(he)服(fu)務于中華民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)體意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi),任何(he)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)本民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)不(bu)能(neng)等同(tong)(tong)或凌駕(jia)于中華民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)體意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)之上。事實上,只有當民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)錯(cuo)位或存(cun)在狹隘偏見時,中華民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)體意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)與(yu)各民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)才會(hui)產生“矛(mao)盾(dun)”。大(da)漢(han)族(zu)(zu)主(zhu)義(yi)要不(bu)得,狹隘民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)主(zhu)義(yi)也要不(bu)得,它們都是(shi)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)團結的(de)(de)大(da)敵(di),都不(bu)利(li)于中華民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)體建設,必須堅決(jue)防范。
處(chu)理好(hao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族共同(tong)(tong)體(ti)意識和(he)(he)各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族意識的關(guan)系(xi),牽(qian)涉到處(chu)理好(hao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族共同(tong)(tong)體(ti)與(yu)各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族之間(jian)的關(guan)系(xi)、各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族之間(jian)的關(guan)系(xi)兩(liang)個方面。對(dui)于前(qian)者,要加強(qiang)馬克思主義國家(jia)(jia)觀和(he)(he)愛國主義教(jiao)育,教(jiao)育引導各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族增強(qiang)“五個認(ren)同(tong)(tong)”,自(zi)覺維護祖國統一、國家(jia)(jia)安(an)全(quan)、社(she)會(hui)穩定。要在(zai)實現好(hao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族共同(tong)(tong)體(ti)整(zheng)體(ti)利益的進程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實現好(hao)各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族具體(ti)利益。對(dui)于后者,必須堅持(chi)各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族一律平等原則,保(bao)障各(ge)族群(qun)眾(zhong)合法權益,鞏固和(he)(he)發展(zhan)平等團結(jie)互助和(he)(he)諧(xie)的社(she)會(hui)主義民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族關(guan)系(xi),高舉中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族大(da)(da)團結(jie)旗幟,促(cu)進各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族大(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)庭里像石榴籽一樣緊緊抱在(zai)一起(qi)。
正確(que)把握中華文化和各民族文化的關(guan)系
習(xi)近平總書(shu)記強調,“要正確把握中(zhong)華(hua)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)和各(ge)民族文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)關(guan)系,各(ge)民族優(you)秀傳統文(wen)(wen)化(hua)都是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)華(hua)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)組(zu)成部分(fen),中(zhong)華(hua)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)是(shi)(shi)主干(gan),各(ge)民族文(wen)(wen)化(hua)是(shi)(shi)枝葉,根深(shen)干(gan)壯才(cai)能(neng)枝繁葉茂”。這一形象的(de)比喻生動闡釋了中(zhong)華(hua)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)和各(ge)民族文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)深(shen)層次邏(luo)輯關(guan)系。
中華(hua)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)是(shi)各(ge)民族優(you)(you)秀(xiu)(xiu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的集大成。傳(chuan)(chuan)承和(he)弘揚包(bao)括各(ge)民族優(you)(you)秀(xiu)(xiu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)在(zai)內(nei)的中華(hua)優(you)(you)秀(xiu)(xiu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua),有助于(yu)構筑(zhu)經得(de)起歷(li)史(shi)檢驗(yan)、各(ge)族人民認可、具(ju)有強大感召力(li)和(he)凝(ning)聚力(li)的中華(hua)民族共有精神家園。在(zai)推動各(ge)民族共同(tong)走向社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義現代化(hua)的過(guo)程中,要以(yi)(yi)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義核心價值觀為引領,以(yi)(yi)中國特色社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義先進文(wen)(wen)化(hua)和(he)時代精神激(ji)活各(ge)民族文(wen)(wen)化(hua)活力(li),推動各(ge)民族優(you)(you)秀(xiu)(xiu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)創造(zao)性轉化(hua)、創新性發展,促(cu)進各(ge)民族文(wen)(wen)化(hua)創新交融,豐富中華(hua)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵(han),增強中華(hua)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)軟實(shi)力(li)。
正(zheng)確(que)把握物質(zhi)和精(jing)神(shen)的關系
物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)明和(he)精(jing)神(shen)文(wen)明兩(liang)手(shou)抓、兩(liang)手(shou)都要(yao)硬,是(shi)我們黨推進中國特(te)色社會主義(yi)事業的重要(yao)歷史經驗(yan)。歷史和(he)現(xian)實告訴我們,要(yao)解決(jue)(jue)(jue)好民族(zu)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti),物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)方面(mian)的問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)要(yao)解決(jue)(jue)(jue)好,精(jing)神(shen)方面(mian)的問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)也要(yao)解決(jue)(jue)(jue)好。物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)力量(liang)和(he)精(jing)神(shen)力量(liang)各有各的作用,物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)層面(mian)的問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)要(yao)靠(kao)增強(qiang)(qiang)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)力量(liang)來(lai)解決(jue)(jue)(jue),精(jing)神(shen)層面(mian)的問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)要(yao)靠(kao)增強(qiang)(qiang)精(jing)神(shen)力量(liang)來(lai)解決(jue)(jue)(jue)。
在新時(shi)代黨的(de)民(min)族工作實踐中,要重視(shi)物質的(de)作用,將發展作為(wei)解(jie)決民(min)族地區各(ge)種問題(ti)的(de)“總鑰匙”,把各(ge)族人(ren)民(min)對(dui)美好(hao)生(sheng)活的(de)向(xiang)(xiang)往作為(wei)奮斗目標,推(tui)動民(min)族地區加快(kuai)現代化建設步伐,推(tui)動各(ge)民(min)族共同走(zou)向(xiang)(xiang)社會主義(yi)現代化,逐步縮小(xiao)發展差(cha)距,促(cu)進全體人(ren)民(min)共同富裕取(qu)得更為(wei)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)實質性進展,不斷增強各(ge)族人(ren)民(min)的(de)獲得感、幸福感、安全感。
同(tong)時要深(shen)刻認識到(dao),經濟(ji)社會發展并(bing)不(bu)自然而(er)然帶來民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)團結,并(bing)不(bu)自然而(er)然帶來中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共同(tong)體意(yi)(yi)識。要重視精(jing)神(shen)的(de)作用,構筑中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共有精(jing)神(shen)家園,使(shi)各民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)人(ren)心(xin)歸(gui)聚、精(jing)神(shen)相依,形成人(ren)心(xin)凝(ning)聚、團結奮進(jin)的(de)強大精(jing)神(shen)紐帶。要賦予所有改(gai)革(ge)發展以(yi)彰(zhang)顯(xian)中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共同(tong)體意(yi)(yi)識的(de)意(yi)(yi)義,以(yi)維護(hu)統一、反(fan)對分裂(lie)的(de)意(yi)(yi)義,以(yi)改(gai)善民(min)(min)生、凝(ning)聚人(ren)心(xin)的(de)意(yi)(yi)義,讓中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共同(tong)體牢(lao)不(bu)可破。